Kavitha J, working as Associate Professor in SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST for the past 11 years. She has completed her Ph.D in the field of Pharmacy, with her specialization in Pharmaceutical Analysis. During her study period she was well trained in handling advanced instruments like UV, HPLC, HPTLC, FT-IR, LCMS and to conduct bioequivalence studies. She is specialized in food and cosmetic analysis. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as a reviewer of many reputed journals.

The therapeutic effectiveness of a drug depends upon the ability of the dosage form to deliver the medicament to its site of action at a rate and amount sufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological response. This attribute of the dosage form is referred to as physiological/ biological availability or simply as Bioavailability (BA). The expected in-vivo biological equivalence of two proprietary preparations of a drug is coined as Bioequivalence (BE). Several in-vivo and in-vitro methods are available to measure the quality of the product. The basic in-vivo bioavailability study is designed in such a manner that the formulation effect should be distinguished from other effects. Typically, a two-period, two-sequence crossover design or a parallel design is usually employed. Prior to the onset of a BA/ BE study, the study parameters such as volunteers recruitment, study dose, fixation of sampling points, moieties to be measured in the collected biological samples, pharmacokinetic parameters, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) requirements etc., needed by the pharmaceutical industry to carry out the study with the approval of the institutional ethical review board, henceforth to file the new drug application (NDA) or an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) were assessed. A major change in the policies and procedures have occurred due to the recent harmonization in the regulatory requirements for BA/ BE studies. Selection of ideal sample preparation technique for processing the bioanalytical samples is a crucial step, as the complex matrices may seriously interfere with the quantification of the target analytes. A well-characterized and fully validated analytical methodology needs to be employed for the quantification of drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. The final report of a BA/ BE study gives the complete documentation of the above measured parameters complying with the declaration of Helsinki and GCP rules.

Alp Yildiz born in Kutahya in 1983, has completed medical degree on Gazi University School of Medicine, has completed her PhD as General Surgery Specialist at 2015. He is one of the leading surgeons on colorectal surgery of a tertiary care university hospital in capital city Ankara. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as colorectal surgeon in Yildirim Beyazit University, Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital.

Rubber band ligation is established as one of the most important, cost-effective and commonly used treatments for first- to third-degree internal hemorrhoids, causing fibrosis, retraction, and fixation of the hemorrhoidal cushions. In this study we evaluate the safety of the procedure according to complication rates. 134 patients with Grade 2 internal hemorrhoids included the study. All patients underwent single or two quadrant rubber band ligation under local anesthesia. Intraoperatively 21 patient developed mild bleeding, 1 patients developed massive bleeding postoperatively. No patient developed thrombosed hemorrhoids , 11 patients developed urinary retention needing catheterization, 51 patients developed mild pain postoperatively. 14 patients developed vasovagal symptoms, in 1 patient slippage of bands occured. Pelvic sepsis and death not occured. Haemorrhoids are very common, affecting as many as 1 in 4 of the population and resulting in a significant community and hospital practice burden. Over 20,000 haemorrhoidal procedures are carried out in the UK each year. Treatment options for haemorrhoids are varied; however, the evidence base for many of these options has, until recently, been poor. Despite the poor scientific substantiation, some of these treatment options have stood the clinical test of time. However, many new options have been introduced since the turn of the century. There is recent scientific support for some of these newer options that allow an evidence-based update to management. In this study our results showed that rubber band ligation is a safe and effective option Grade 1 and 2 internal hemorrhoids in proper cases.

Agris Auce, studied physics in the University of Latvia, graduated in 1989. PhD in Nuclear Physics in 2004 from the Uppsala University, Sweden for the experimental work with the Gustaf Werner Cyclotron in the The Svedberg Laboratory, Sweden and iThemba medical and isotope production cyclotron in South Africa. In 2006-2008 was scientific leader for Latvia cyclotron project intended for the production of medical isotopes. In 2000 -2013 with partners developed SIA Silvanols, the most successful pharmaceutical startup company in Latvia specializing in natural remedies based products. Now leading researcher at Riga Stradins University and University of Latvia.

Sapropel is traditional remedy applied topically in skin care and other health procedures. Sapropel forms in shallow waters by slowly decomposing organic sediment. There is a recent growth in its use in medicine, rehabilitation and skincare. Extraction of active ingredients from sapropel has been reported in literature. Raw material control and quality assurance have to be developed for sapropel for its use as raw material in medicine and pharmacology. Freshwater sapropel from freshwater lakes in Latvia was tested and standardized for the use in medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Geological survey data of Latvia lakes (ezeri.lv) were used to select 5 lakes. Site selection criteria were sapropel deposits depth, hydrological regime, exposure to industry and agriculture. 105 samples were collected. Organoleptic testing (look, consistence and smell, coarse composition test), measurements of heavy metal and pesticide residue, bacteriological test and pH were used for standardizing and describing of sapropel. Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu were present well below acceptable level. Some samples had DDT residues. pH level is between 7 – 8. The concentration of humic and fulvic acids in samples varies between different mining sites and

sapropel strata levels. Storage at 4C in dark and without oxygen was sufficient for preserving sapropel.

Conclusion: After the extraction site is certified sapropel can be used as a quality assured raw material for medicine and pharmacology. The research was co-financed by project "Analysis of characteristics of medical sapropel and its usage for medical purposes and elaboration of industrial extraction methods", No.1.1.1.1/16/A/165.

Norah is a Senior Toxicologist at Central Military Lab & Blood Bank CML&BB in Prince Sultan Military Medical City PSMMC. Norah's primary specialist is Chemistry. Then, she got a higher diploma in Sciences and Management from the Dublin International Foundation College DIFC, which is one of the NCUK partner Colleges. Norah is an Alumni from College of Sciences at National University of Ireland, Galway NUIG with a master degree of Sciences in Toxicology. She is a member of the following: Society of Forensic Toxicology SOFT, Saudi Society for Clinical Chemistry SSCC and Saudi Society for Clinical Laboratory Sciences. Currently, Norah is working on Forensic and Clinical Toxicology in a toxicology reference laboratory in Saudi Arabia. Norah is handling the samples and cases for patients and Military clients with excellence and considerable experience.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive and rare endocrine malignant with very limited treatment options at present. Besides, its recurrence rate is high and can occur in a short following period. ACC is a steroidogenesis cancer produces steroid hormones, that all share cholesterol as a key building unit. Thus, cholesterol active metabolites (oxysterols) could potentially interfere these steroids pathways and produce different cellular modifications through different receptors, included ERs. In ER+ breast cancer cells, oxysterols (i.e. 27Hydroxy Cholesterol) promote cell proliferation through estrogen receptor alpha ERα. Therefore oxysterols as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), we hypothesized that they could act similarly via ERs in ACC cells (H295R) and promote cell growth. In this study, H295R cells were treated for 24-h with (27HC) at various doses (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 uM) alone or combined with hydroxyl-tamoxifen (10uM OHT) or/ and 10nM 17-β estradiol (E2) to investigate the proliferative effect. The same treatment scheme was applied on MCF7 breast cancer cells. The principle experimental technique was crystal violet staining in which cells growth was measured via spectrophotometer at 550nm. The finding showed that 27HC plays a role at stimulating cell division on H295R cells, however, this effect is being further enhanced in the presence of other agents: E2 and OHT. For MCF7 control cells, the outcomes were correlated to a previous work that 27HC stimulates cell proliferation and OHT inhibits tumor formation. Overall, 27HC showed an expected effect, whereas, OHT unexpectedly induce cell density. Therefore, further work should consider the unexpected stimulatory effect of OHT and its mechanistic pathway, prior to suggesting it as an anti-estrogenic drug in ACC setting.

Priya D, working as Associate Professor in SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST for the past 07 years. She is pursuing her Ph.D. in the field of Pharmacy, with her

specialization in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Her area of interest is Molecular modeling and docking software's studies and has many publications related to her

field. She has published many research and review articles in reputed National and International Journals. She has guided 06 UG projects and 02 PG projects.

Benzene Sulphonamide is an important pharmacophore in modern drug discovery and are one of the least expensive chemotherapeutic agents. In order to evaluate the synthesized compounds as COX-2 inhibitors a series of compounds with definite IC50 values were selected as the dataset by using Padel. The obtained IC50 values are then converted into corresponding pIC50. Among the compounds selected 75% were utilized as a training set and remaining 25% were chosen as a test subset for validating the QSAR model. The model is extensively validated according to OECD standards, so that its robustness, stability, low correlation of descriptors and good predictive power are proven. In addition, it is found that the model fit is not the product of a random correlation. Based on the model obtained the series of designed compounds were synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR spectra and were then evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan- induced paw edema method against the standard Diclofenac. In silico studies were carried out to define the interaction between the synthesized compounds with COX-2 enzyme. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies of synthesized compounds were found to be in good correlation with in silico study.

In 2016, he graduated from the Faculty of Dentistry of Atatürk University. He started his periodontology residency at Bülent Ecevit University. He is currently working as a research assistant at EskiÅŸehir Osmangazi University.

There have been various efforts in designing different drug delivery systems (DDSs) for periodontal diseases based on the functionalized nanomedicines. The aim of this study is to review the recent treatment of periodontal diseases with nanomaterials. Moreover, this study also focuses on basic principles of utilizing the nanomaterials to create better DDSs for treatment of periodontal diseases. This type DDSs have numerous advantages include improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and improved patients compliance and convenience. Novel DDSs are being introduced for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Examples of these DDSs can be listed as follows: films, nanogels, nano-micro particles, liposomes, nanofibers, quantum dots, nanopores, nanotubes, nanofillers, nanocomposites, scaffold etc. Many drugs used in periodontal diseases have been encapsulated into these systems. Examples of these encapsulated drugs can be listed as follows: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, metronidazole etc. The treatment of periodontal disease with new DDSs mentioned at above section, represent a step forward toward successful long-term healing by increasing the treatment efficacy, specificity, tolerability and therapeutic index of encapsulating drugs. Main treatment strategies in periodontal disease with nanomaterials are removal of microbial biofilm, delivery of novel active compounds for host inflammatory response modulation and supporting regeneration of periodontal tissue. By the improvement in the periodontal DDSs, it can be emphasized that the nanotechnology which is antibiotic free, mucoadhesive, biodegradable has a huge opportunity for designing a novel, low dose, and effective treatment. It will make possible for Nano dentistry to maintain the comprehensive oral health by employing nanomaterials, biotechnology which includes the tissue engineering and dental nanorobotics. Even though this technology is at a primary stage, it has already made a profound clinical and commercial impact in the field of dentistry.

Kalaiselvi.S from SRM Institue of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu completed her under-graduation B.pharmacy with 92 percentage and

undergoing my post-graduation M.pharmacy in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India.

The studies were undertaken to develop fast dissolving tablets of almotriptan maleate. Almotriptan is a second generation highly selective 5-HT 1B/1D agonist used to alleviate the migraine pain. Almotiptan is well-absorbed after oral administration, with an absolute bioavailablity of about 70% and elimination half-life of 3-4 hours. The fast dissolving tablets were formulated to enhance the drug dissolution characteristics and thereby to achieve quick onset of action. The tablets were prepared using various proportions of sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone as superdisintegrants. Magnesium stearate was used as glidant and aerosil was used as lubricant. The final weight of tablet was adjusted to 200mg using dicalcium phosphate as directly compressible vehicle. A control tablet was prepared using all excipients except superdisintegrants. Saccharin sodium and mannitol was used as sweeting agents. From the infrared spectral analysis, it was understood that there was no significant interaction between the drug and excipients used in the formulation. The drug content in all the tablet batches was found to be uniform. The friability test of all the formulation was found to be less than 1% which indicates the resistant to abrasion. The hardness of prepared tablets ranged from 3.5-4.5 kg/ cm2. The prepared tablets were found to be uniform in weight and weight variation was within the limit of ±7.5%. The results of dissolution studies showed the rapid and fast dissolution of almotriptan maleate when compared to the control tablet. Among the superdisintegrants used, crospovidone 4% gave fastest drug release when compared to other batches.

Introduction: Nowadays, a significant number of drugs getting approvals have poor biopharmaceutical properties. One example is meloxicam (ME), a highly potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. New drug delivery strategies have

been developed in order to overcome this issue and nanotechnology represents one of the most popular strategies. Among nanotechnology, polymeric micelles are emerging as a new Nanoplatform in several therapeutic applications such as increasing water solubility, permeability and consequently, the oral bioavailability of the drugs.The aim of this work was to demonstrate the advantages of using mixed polymeric micelles (Pluronic® F68 and P123) to encapsulate ME, when compared with the drug alone, and to characterize the prepared micelles. Morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy. 5 μL of freshly prepared micellar dispersions were placed on Formvar and allowed to dry for 5 min. To unveil the usefulness of such formulations concerning physical stability, formulations FM1-FM5 and ME were dissolved in enteric and gastric medium. After 1 and 2 h it was quantified ME in gastric medium and after 3 and 4 h it was quantified ME in enteric medium. Quantification was performed using an UV spectrophotometer and absorbance taken at 363 nm. To determine encapsulation efficiency, FM1-FM5 were quantified immediately after preparation. Later on, micellar suspensions were centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 min using Amicon® Ultra 4 Centrifugal filter units, the supernatant was quantified and EE calculated based on the following equation:EE(%)=(conc in micelles-conc in supernatant)/(conc in micelles) x100. Finally, cytotoxicity of formulations was assessed in Caco-2 cells by Alamar Blue assay, performing a screening of crescent concentrations for each formulation. Micelles were found to present small sizes andspherical shape, with ME forming a circular line near to the micelle´s surface. All formulations significantly increased ME physical stability in enteric medium. In gastric medium, despite of FM2 and FM3 showed the best results, all the other formulations showed a significant increase on stability. With the exception of FM1, all formulations demonstrate high EE % (FM1:35.544±3.919, FM2: 93.162±1.071, FM3: 90.663±1.805, FM4: 89.840±1.991, FM5: 86.607±2.134). Finally, FM3 revealed no cytotoxicity in concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 5% and FM2 revealed no cytotoxicity in concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 2.5%. FM2 and FM3 seem to be promising formulations to efficiently encapsulate drugs with low water solubility, as meloxicam.