^{2nd Middle East Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Conference}

Rubber band ligation is established as one of the most important, cost-effective and commonly used treatments for first- to third-degree internal hemorrhoids, causing fibrosis, retraction, and fixation of the hemorrhoidal cushions. In this study we evaluate the safety of the procedure according to complication rates. 134 patients with Grade 2 internal hemorrhoids included the study. All patients underwent single or two quadrant rubber band ligation under local anesthesia. Intraoperatively 21 patient developed mild bleeding, 1 patients developed massive bleeding postoperatively. No patient developed thrombosed hemorrhoids , 11 patients developed urinary retention needing catheterization, 51 patients developed mild pain postoperatively. 14 patients developed vasovagal symptoms, in 1 patient slippage of bands occured. Pelvic sepsis and death not occured. Haemorrhoids are very common, affecting as many as 1 in 4 of the population and resulting in a significant community and hospital practice burden. Over 20,000 haemorrhoidal procedures are carried out in the UK each year. Treatment options for haemorrhoids are varied; however, the evidence base for many of these options has, until recently, been poor. Despite the poor scientific substantiation, some of these treatment options have stood the clinical test of time. However, many new options have been introduced since the turn of the century. There is recent scientific support for some of these newer options that allow an evidence-based update to management. In this study our results showed that rubber band ligation is a safe and effective option Grade 1 and 2 internal hemorrhoids in proper cases.